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Getting started

Before you are able to compile, you'll need to install an environment for AVR development. You'll find the instructions for any OS below. If you find another/better way to set things up from scratch, please consider making a pull request with your changes!

Build Environment Setup

Customizing your keymap

In every keymap folder, the following files are recommended:

config.h - the options to configure your keymap
keymap.c - all of your keymap code, required
Makefile - the features of QMK that are enabled, required to run make in your keymap folder
readme.md - a description of your keymap, how others might use it, and explanations of features

The `make` command

The make command is how you compile the firmware into a .hex file, which can be loaded by a dfu programmer (like dfu-progammer via make dfu) or the Teensy loader (only used with Teensys).

NOTE: To abort a make command press Ctrl-c

The following instruction refers to these folders.

The root (/) folder is the qmk_firmware folder, in which are doc, keyboard, quantum, etc.
The keyboard folder is any keyboard project's folder, like /keyboards/planck.
The keymap folder is any keymap's folder, like /keyboards/planck/keymaps/default.
The subproject folder is the subproject folder of a keyboard, like /keyboards/ergodox/ez

Simple instructions for building and uploading a keyboard

Most keyboards have more specific instructions in the keyboard specific readme.md file, so please check that first

If the keymap folder contains a file name Makefile

Change the directory to the keymap folder
Run make <subproject>-<programmer>

Otherwise, if there's no Makefile in the keymap folder

Enter the keyboard folder
Run make <subproject>-<keymap>-<programmer>

In the above commands, replace:

<keymap> with the name of your keymap
<subproject> with the name of the subproject (revision or sub-model of your keyboard). For example, for Ergodox it can be ez or infinity, and for Planck rev3 or rev4.
- If the keyboard doesn't have a subproject, or if you are happy with the default (defined in rules.mk file of the keyboard folder), you can leave it out. But remember to also remove the dash (-) from the command.
<programmer> The programmer to use. Most keyboards use dfu, but some use teensy. Infinity keyboards use dfu-util. Check the readme file in the keyboard folder to find out which programmer to use.
- If you don't add -<programmer to the command line, the firmware will be still be compiled into a hex file, but the upload will be skipped.

NOTE: Some operating systems will refuse to program unless you run the make command as root for example sudo make dfu

More detailed make instruction

The full syntax of the make command is the following, but parts of the command can be left out if you run it from other directories than the root (as you might already have noticed by reading the simple instructions).

<keyboard>-<subproject>-<keymap>-<target>, where:

<keyboard> is the name of the keyboard, for example planck
- Use allkb to compile all keyboards
<subproject> is the name of the subproject (revision or sub-model of the keyboard). For example, for Ergodox it can be ez or infinity, and for Planck rev3 or rev4.
- If the keyboard doesn't have any subprojects, it can be left out
- To compile the default subproject, you can leave it out, or specify defaultsp
- Use allsp to compile all subprojects
<keymap> is the name of the keymap, for example algernon
- Use allkm to compile all keymaps
<target> will be explained in more detail below.

Note: When you leave some parts of the command out, you should also remove the dash (-).

As mentioned above, there are some shortcuts, when you are in a:

keyboard folder, the command will automatically fill the <keyboard> part. So you only need to type <subproject>-<keymap>-<target>
subproject folder, it will fill in both <keyboard> and <subproject>
keymap folder, then <keyboard> and <keymap> will be filled in. If you need to specify the <subproject> use the following syntax <subproject>-<target>
- Note in order to support this shortcut, the keymap needs its own Makefile (see the example here)
keymap folder of a subproject, then everything except the <target> will be filled in

The <target> means the following

If no target is given, then it's the same as all below
all compiles the keyboard and generates a <keyboard>_<keymap>.hex file in whichever folder you run make from. These files are ignored by git, so don't worry about deleting them when committing/creating pull requests.
dfu, teensy or dfu-util, compile and upload the firmware to the keyboard. If the compilation fails, then nothing will be uploaded. The programmer to use depends on the keyboard. For most keyboards it's dfu, but for Infinity keyboards you should use dfu-util, and teensy for standard Teensys. To find out which command you should use for your keyboard, check the keyboard specific readme. Note that some operating systems needs root access for these commands to work, so in that case you need to run for example sudo make dfu.
clean, cleans the build output folders to make sure that everything is built from scratch. Run this before normal compilation if you have some unexplainable problems.

Some other targets are supported but, but not important enough to be documented here. Check the source code of the make files for more information.

You can also add extra options at the end of the make command line, after the target

make COLOR=false - turns off color output
make SILENT=true - turns off output besides errors/warnings
make VERBOSE=true - outputs all of the gcc stuff (not interesting, unless you need to debug)
make EXTRAFLAGS=-E - Preprocess the code without doing any compiling (useful if you are trying to debug #define commands)

The make command itself also has some additional options, type make --help for more information. The most useful is probably -jx, which specifies that you want to compile using more than one CPU, the x represents the number of CPUs that you want to use. Setting that can greatly reduce the compile times, especially if you are compiling many keyboards/keymaps. I usually set it to one less than the number of CPUs that I have, so that I have some left for doing other things while it's compiling. Note that not all operating systems and make versions supports that option.

Here are some examples commands

make allkb-allsp-allkm builds everything (all keyboards, all subprojects, all keymaps). Running just make from the root will also run this.
make from within a keyboard directory, is the same as make keyboard-allsp-allkm, which compiles all subprojects and keymaps of the keyboard. NOTE that this behaviour has changed. Previously it compiled just the default keymap.
make ergodox-infinity-algernon-clean will clean the build output of the Ergodox Infinity keyboard. This example uses the full syntax and can be run from any folder with a Makefile
make dfu COLOR=false from within a keymap folder, builds and uploads the keymap, but without color output.

The `Makefile`

There are 5 different make and Makefile locations:

root (/)
keyboard (/keyboards/<keyboard>/)
keymap (/keyboards/<keyboard>/keymaps/<keymap>/)
subproject (/keyboards/<keyboard>/<subproject>)
subproject keymap (/keyboards/<keyboard>/<subproject>/keymaps/<keymap>)

The root contains the code used to automatically figure out which keymap or keymaps to compile based on your current directory and commandline arguments. It's considered stable, and shouldn't be modified. The keyboard one will contain the MCU set-up and default settings for your keyboard, and shouldn't be modified unless you are the producer of that keyboard. The keymap Makefile can be modified by users, and is optional. It is included automatically if it exists. You can see an example here - the last few lines are the most important. The settings you set here will override any defaults set in the keyboard Makefile. The file is required if you want to run make in the keymap folder.

For keyboards and subprojects, the make files are split in two parts Makefile and rules.mk. All settings can be found in the rules.mk file, while the Makefile is just there for support and including the root Makefile. Keymaps contain just one Makefile for simplicity.

Makefile options

Set these variables to no to disable them, and yes to enable them.

BOOTMAGIC_ENABLE

This allows you to hold a key and the salt key (space by default) and have access to a various EEPROM settings that persist over power loss. It's advised you keep this disabled, as the settings are often changed by accident, and produce confusing results that makes it difficult to debug. It's one of the more common problems encountered in help sessions.

Consumes about 1000 bytes.

MOUSEKEY_ENABLE

This gives you control over cursor movements and clicks via keycodes/custom functions.

EXTRAKEY_ENABLE

This allows you to use the system and audio control key codes.

CONSOLE_ENABLE

This allows you to print messages that can be read using hid_listen.

By default, all debug (dprint) print (print, xprintf), and user print (uprint) messages will be enabled. This will eat up a significant portion of the flash and may make the keyboard .hex file too big to program.

To disable debug messages (dprint) and reduce the .hex file size, include #define NO_DEBUG in your config.h file.

To disable print messages (print, xprintf) and user print messages (uprint) and reduce the .hex file size, include #define NO_PRINT in your config.h file.

To disable print messages (print, xprintf) and KEEP user print messages (uprint), include #define USER_PRINT in your config.h file.

To see the text, open hid_listen and enjoy looking at your printed messages.

NOTE: Do not include uprint messages in anything other than your keymap code. It must not be used within the QMK system framework. Otherwise, you will bloat other people's .hex files.

Consumes about 400 bytes.

COMMAND_ENABLE

This enables magic commands, typically fired with the default magic key combo LSHIFT+RSHIFT+KEY. Magic commands include turning on debugging messages (MAGIC+D) or temporarily toggling NKRO (MAGIC+N).

SLEEP_LED_ENABLE

Enables your LED to breath while your computer is sleeping. Timer1 is being used here. This feature is largely unused and untested, and needs updating/abstracting.

NKRO_ENABLE

This allows the keyboard to tell the host OS that up to 248 keys are held down at once (default without NKRO is 6). NKRO is off by default, even if NKRO_ENABLE is set. NKRO can be forced by adding #define FORCE_NKRO to your config.h or by binding MAGIC_TOGGLE_NKRO to a key and then hitting the key.

BACKLIGHT_ENABLE

This enables your backlight on Timer1 and ports B5, B6, or B7 (for now). You can specify your port by putting this in your config.h:

#define BACKLIGHT_PIN B7

MIDI_ENABLE

This enables MIDI sending and receiving with your keyboard. To enter MIDI send mode, you can use the keycode MI_ON, and MI_OFF to turn it off. This is a largely untested feature, but more information can be found in the quantum/quantum.c file.

UNICODE_ENABLE

This allows you to send unicode symbols via UC(<unicode>) in your keymap. Only codes up to 0x7FFF are currently supported.

UNICODEMAP_ENABLE

This allows sending unicode symbols using X(<unicode>) in your keymap. Codes up to 0xFFFFFFFF are supported, including emojis. You will need to maintain a separate mapping table in your keymap file.

Known limitations:

Under Mac OS, only codes up to 0xFFFF are supported.
Under Linux ibus, only codes up to 0xFFFFF are supported (but anything important is still under this limit for now).

Characters out of range supported by the OS will be ignored.

BLUETOOTH_ENABLE

This allows you to interface with a Bluefruit EZ-key to send keycodes wirelessly. It uses the D2 and D3 pins.

AUDIO_ENABLE

This allows you output audio on the C6 pin (needs abstracting). See the audio section for more information.

FAUXCLICKY_ENABLE

Uses buzzer to emulate clicky switches. A cheap imitation of the Cherry blue switches. By default, uses the C6 pin, same as AUDIO_ENABLE.

VARIABLE_TRACE

Use this to debug changes to variable values, see the tracing variables section for more information.

API_SYSEX_ENABLE

This enables using the Quantum SYSEX API to send strings (somewhere?)

This consumes about 5390 bytes.

Customizing Makefile options on a per-keymap basis

If your keymap directory has a file called Makefile (note the filename), any Makefile options you set in that file will take precedence over other Makefile options for your particular keyboard.

So let's say your keyboard's makefile has BACKLIGHT_ENABLE = yes (or maybe doesn't even list the BACKLIGHT_ENABLE option, which would cause it to be off). You want your particular keymap to not have the debug console, so you make a file called Makefile and specify BACKLIGHT_ENABLE = no.

You can use the doc/keymap_makefile_example.md as a template/starting point.

The `config.h` file

There are 2 config.h locations:

keyboard (/keyboards/<keyboard>/)
keymap (/keyboards/<keyboard>/keymaps/<keymap>/)

The keyboard config.h is included only if the keymap one doesn't exist. The format to use for your custom one is here. If you want to override a setting from the parent config.h file, you need to do this:

#undef MY_SETTING
#define MY_SETTING 4

For a value of 4 for this imaginary setting. So we undef it first, then define it.

You can then override any settings, rather than having to copy and paste the whole thing.

Going beyond the keycodes

Aside from the basic keycodes, your keymap can include shortcuts to common operations.

Quick aliases to common actions

Your keymap can include shortcuts to common operations (called "function actions" in tmk). To learn more about them check out the Key Functions page.

Space Cadet Shift: The future, built in

Steve Losh described the Space Cadet Shift quite well. Essentially, you hit the left Shift on its own, and you get an opening parenthesis; hit the right Shift on its own, and you get the closing one. When hit with other keys, the Shift key keeps working as it always does. Yes, it's as cool as it sounds. Head on over to the Space Cadet Shift page to read about it.

The Leader key: A new kind of modifier

If you've ever used Vim, you know what a Leader key is. If not, you're about to discover a wonderful concept. :) Instead of hitting Alt+Shift+W for example (holding down three keys at the same time), what if you could hit a sequence of keys instead? So you'd hit our special modifier (the Leader key), followed by W and then C (just a rapid succession of keys), and something would happen.

That's what KC_LEAD does. Here's an example:

Pick a key on your keyboard you want to use as the Leader key. Assign it the keycode KC_LEAD. This key would be dedicated just for this -- it's a single action key, can't be used for anything else.
Include the line #define LEADER_TIMEOUT 300 somewhere in your keymap.c file, probably near the top. The 300 there is 300ms -- that's how long you have for the sequence of keys following the leader. You can tweak this value for comfort, of course.
Within your matrix_scan_user function, do something like this:

LEADER_EXTERNS();

void matrix_scan_user(void) {
  LEADER_DICTIONARY() {
    leading = false;
    leader_end();

    SEQ_ONE_KEY(KC_F) {
      register_code(KC_S);
      unregister_code(KC_S);
    }
    SEQ_TWO_KEYS(KC_A, KC_S) {
      register_code(KC_H);
      unregister_code(KC_H);
    }
    SEQ_THREE_KEYS(KC_A, KC_S, KC_D) {
      register_code(KC_LGUI);
      register_code(KC_S);
      unregister_code(KC_S);
      unregister_code(KC_LGUI);
    }
  }
}

As you can see, you have three function. you can use - SEQ_ONE_KEY for single-key sequences (Leader followed by just one key), and SEQ_TWO_KEYS and SEQ_THREE_KEYS for longer sequences. Each of these accepts one or more keycodes as arguments. This is an important point: You can use keycodes from any layer on your keyboard. That layer would need to be active for the leader macro to fire, obviously.

Tap Dance: A single key can do 3, 5, or 100 different things

Hit the semicolon key once, send a semicolon. Hit it twice, rapidly -- send a colon. Hit it three times, and your keyboard's LEDs do a wild dance. That's just one example of what Tap Dance can do. It's one of the nicest community-contributed features in the firmware, conceived and created by algernon in #451. Here's how algernon describes the feature:

With this feature one can specify keys that behave differently, based on the amount of times they have been tapped, and when interrupted, they get handled before the interrupter.

To make it clear how this is different from ACTION_FUNCTION_TAP, lets explore a certain setup! We want one key to send Space on single tap, but Enter on double-tap.

With ACTION_FUNCTION_TAP, it is quite a rain-dance to set this up, and has the problem that when the sequence is interrupted, the interrupting key will be send first. Thus, SPC a will result in a SPC being sent, if they are typed within TAPPING_TERM. With the tap dance feature, that'll come out as SPC a, correctly.

The implementation hooks into two parts of the system, to achieve this: into process_record_quantum(), and the matrix scan. We need the latter to be able to time out a tap sequence even when a key is not being pressed, so SPC alone will time out and register after TAPPING_TERM time.

But lets start with how to use it, first!

First, you will need TAP_DANCE_ENABLE=yes in your Makefile, because the feature is disabled by default. This adds a little less than 1k to the firmware size. Next, you will want to define some tap-dance keys, which is easiest to do with the TD() macro, that - similar to F(), takes a number, which will later be used as an index into the tap_dance_actions array.

This array specifies what actions shall be taken when a tap-dance key is in action. Currently, there are three possible options:

ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE(kc1, kc2): Sends the kc1 keycode when tapped once, kc2 otherwise. When the key is held, the appropriate keycode is registered: kc1 when pressed and held, kc2 when tapped once, then pressed and held.
ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN(fn): Calls the specified function - defined in the user keymap - with the final tap count of the tap dance action.
ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED(on_each_tap_fn, on_dance_finished_fn, on_dance_reset_fn): Calls the first specified function - defined in the user keymap - on every tap, the second function on when the dance action finishes (like the previous option), and the last function when the tap dance action resets.

The first option is enough for a lot of cases, that just want dual roles. For example, ACTION_TAP_DANCE(KC_SPC, KC_ENT) will result in Space being sent on single-tap, Enter otherwise.

And that's the bulk of it!

And now, on to the explanation of how it works!

The main entry point is process_tap_dance(), called from process_record_quantum(), which is run for every keypress, and our handler gets to run early. This function checks whether the key pressed is a tap-dance key. If it is not, and a tap-dance was in action, we handle that first, and enqueue the newly pressed key. If it is a tap-dance key, then we check if it is the same as the already active one (if there's one active, that is). If it is not, we fire off the old one first, then register the new one. If it was the same, we increment the counter and the timer.

This means that you have TAPPING_TERM time to tap the key again, you do not have to input all the taps within that timeframe. This allows for longer tap counts, with minimal impact on responsiveness.

Our next stop is matrix_scan_tap_dance(). This handles the timeout of tap-dance keys.

For the sake of flexibility, tap-dance actions can be either a pair of keycodes, or a user function. The latter allows one to handle higher tap counts, or do extra things, like blink the LEDs, fiddle with the backlighting, and so on. This is accomplished by using an union, and some clever macros.

Examples

Here's a simple example for a single definition:

In your makefile, add TAP_DANCE_ENABLE = yes
In your config.h (which you can copy from qmk_firmware/keyboards/planck/config.h to your keymap directory), add #define TAPPING_TERM 200
In your keymap.c file, define the variables and definitions, then add to your keymap:

//Tap Dance Declarations
enum {
  TD_ESC_CAPS = 0
};

//Tap Dance Definitions
qk_tap_dance_action_t tap_dance_actions[] = {
  //Tap once for Esc, twice for Caps Lock
  [TD_ESC_CAPS]  = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE(KC_ESC, KC_CAPS)
// Other declarations would go here, separated by commas, if you have them
};

//In Layer declaration, add tap dance item in place of a key code
TD(TD_ESC_CAPS)

Here's a more complex example involving custom actions:

enum {
 CT_SE = 0,
 CT_CLN,
 CT_EGG,
 CT_FLSH,
};

/* Have the above three on the keymap, TD(CT_SE), etc... */

void dance_cln_finished (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  if (state->count == 1) {
    register_code (KC_RSFT);
    register_code (KC_SCLN);
  } else {
    register_code (KC_SCLN);
  }
}

void dance_cln_reset (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  if (state->count == 1) {
    unregister_code (KC_RSFT);
    unregister_code (KC_SCLN);
  } else {
    unregister_code (KC_SCLN);
  }
}

void dance_egg (qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  if (state->count >= 100) {
    SEND_STRING ("Safety dance!");
    reset_tap_dance (state);
  }
}

// on each tap, light up one led, from right to left
// on the forth tap, turn them off from right to left
void dance_flsh_each(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  switch (state->count) {
  case 1:
    ergodox_right_led_3_on();
    break;
  case 2:
    ergodox_right_led_2_on();
    break;
  case 3:
    ergodox_right_led_1_on();
    break;
  case 4:
    ergodox_right_led_3_off();
    _delay_ms(50);
    ergodox_right_led_2_off();
    _delay_ms(50);
    ergodox_right_led_1_off();
  }
}

// on the fourth tap, set the keyboard on flash state
void dance_flsh_finished(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  if (state->count >= 4) {
    reset_keyboard();
    reset_tap_dance(state);
  }
}

// if the flash state didnt happen, then turn off leds, left to right
void dance_flsh_reset(qk_tap_dance_state_t *state, void *user_data) {
  ergodox_right_led_1_off();
  _delay_ms(50);
  ergodox_right_led_2_off();
  _delay_ms(50);
  ergodox_right_led_3_off();
}

qk_tap_dance_action_t tap_dance_actions[] = {
  [CT_SE]  = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_DOUBLE (KC_SPC, KC_ENT)
 ,[CT_CLN] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED (NULL, dance_cln_finished, dance_cln_reset)
 ,[CT_EGG] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN (dance_egg)
 ,[CT_FLSH] = ACTION_TAP_DANCE_FN_ADVANCED (dance_flsh_each, dance_flsh_finished, dance_flsh_reset)
};

Temporarily setting the default layer

DF(layer) - sets default layer to layer. The default layer is the one at the "bottom" of the layer stack - the ultimate fallback layer. This currently does not persist over power loss. When you plug the keyboard back in, layer 0 will always be the default. It is theoretically possible to work around that, but that's not what DF does.

Prevent stuck modifiers

Consider the following scenario:

Layer 0 has a key defined as Shift.
The same key is defined on layer 1 as the letter A.
User presses Shift.
User switches to layer 1 for whatever reason.
User releases Shift, or rather the letter A.
User switches back to layer 0.

Shift was actually never released and is still considered pressed.

If such situation bothers you add this to your config.h:

#define PREVENT_STUCK_MODIFIERS

This option uses 5 bytes of memory per every 8 keys on the keyboard rounded up (5 bits per key). For example on Planck (48 keys) it uses (48/8)*5 = 30 bytes.

Macro shortcuts: Send a whole string when pressing just one key

Instead of using the ACTION_MACRO function, you can simply use M(n) to access macro n - n will get passed into the action_get_macro as the id, and you can use a switch statement to trigger it. This gets called on the keydown and keyup, so you'll need to use an if statement testing record->event.pressed (see keymap_default.c).

const macro_t *action_get_macro(keyrecord_t *record, uint8_t id, uint8_t opt) // this is the function signature -- just copy/paste it into your keymap file as it is.
{
  switch(id) {
    case 0: // this would trigger when you hit a key mapped as M(0)
      if (record->event.pressed) {
        return MACRO( I(255), T(H), T(E), T(L), T(L), W(255), T(O), END  ); // this sends the string 'hello' when the macro executes
      }
      break;
  }
  return MACRO_NONE;
};

A macro can include the following commands:

I() change interval of stroke in milliseconds.
D() press key.
U() release key.
T() type key(press and release).
W() wait (milliseconds).
END end mark.

So above you can see the stroke interval changed to 255ms between each keystroke, then a bunch of keys being typed, waits a while, then the macro ends.

Note: Using macros to have your keyboard send passwords for you is possible, but a bad idea.

Advanced macro functions

To get more control over the keys/actions your keyboard takes, the following functions are available to you in the action_get_macro function block:

record->event.pressed

This is a boolean value that can be tested to see if the switch is being pressed or released. An example of this is

if (record->event.pressed) {
  // on keydown
} else {
  // on keyup
}

register_code(<kc>);

This sends the <kc> keydown event to the computer. Some examples would be KC_ESC, KC_C, KC_4, and even modifiers such as KC_LSFT and KC_LGUI.

unregister_code(<kc>);

Parallel to register_code function, this sends the <kc> keyup event to the computer. If you don't use this, the key will be held down until it's sent.

layer_on(<n>);

This will turn on the layer <n> - the higher layer number will always take priority. Make sure you have KC_TRNS for the key you're pressing on the layer you're switching to, or you'll get stick there unless you have another plan.

layer_off(<n>);

This will turn off the layer <n>.

clear_keyboard();

This will clear all mods and keys currently pressed.

clear_mods();

This will clear all mods currently pressed.

clear_keyboard_but_mods();

This will clear all keys besides the mods currently pressed.

update_tri_layer(layer_1, layer_2, layer_3);

If the user attempts to activate layer 1 AND layer 2 at the same time (for example, by hitting their respective layer keys), layer 3 will be activated. Layers 1 and 2 will also be activated, for the purposes of fallbacks (so a given key will fall back from 3 to 2, to 1 -- and only then to 0).

Naming your macros

If you have a bunch of macros you want to refer to from your keymap, while keeping the keymap easily readable, you can just name them like so:

#define AUD_OFF M(6)
#define AUD_ON M(7)
#define MUS_OFF M(8)
#define MUS_ON M(9)
#define VC_IN M(10)
#define VC_DE M(11)
#define PLOVER M(12)
#define EXT_PLV M(13)

As was done on the Planck default keymap

Timer functionality

It's possible to start timers and read values for time-specific events - here's an example:

static uint16_t key_timer;
key_timer = timer_read();
if (timer_elapsed(key_timer) < 100) {
  // do something if less than 100ms have passed
} else {
  // do something if 100ms or more have passed
}

It's best to declare the static uint16_t key_timer; outside of the macro block (top of file, etc).

Example: Single-key copy/paste (hold to copy, tap to paste)

With QMK, it's easy to make one key do two things, as long as one of those things is being a modifier. :) So if you want a key to act as Ctrl when held and send the letter R when tapped, that's easy: CTL_T(KC_R). But what do you do when you want that key to send Ctrl-V (paste) when tapped, and Ctrl-C (copy) when held?

Here's what you do:

static uint16_t key_timer;

const macro_t *action_get_macro(keyrecord_t *record, uint8_t id, uint8_t opt)
{
      switch(id) {
        case 0: {
            if (record->event.pressed) {
                key_timer = timer_read(); // if the key is being pressed, we start the timer.
            }
            else { // this means the key was just released, so we can figure out how long it was pressed for (tap or "held down").
                if (timer_elapsed(key_timer) > 150) { // 150 being 150ms, the threshhold we pick for counting something as a tap.
                    return MACRO( D(LCTL), T(C), U(LCTL), END  );
                }
                else {
                    return MACRO( D(LCTL), T(V), U(LCTL), END  );
                }
            }
            break;
        }
      }
    return MACRO_NONE;
};

And then, to assign this macro to a key on your keyboard layout, you just use M(0) on the key you want to press for copy/paste.

Dynamic macros: record and replay macros in runtime

In addition to the static macros described above, you may enable the dynamic macros which you may record while writing. They are forgotten as soon as the keyboard is unplugged. Only two such macros may be stored at the same time, with the total length of 64 keypresses (by default).

To enable them, first add a new element to the planck_keycodes enum -- DYNAMIC_MACRO_RANGE:

enum planck_keycodes {
  QWERTY = SAFE_RANGE,
  COLEMAK,
  DVORAK,
  PLOVER,
  LOWER,
  RAISE,
  BACKLIT,
  EXT_PLV,
  DYNAMIC_MACRO_RANGE,
};

Afterwards create a new layer called _DYN:

#define _DYN 6    /* almost any other free number should be ok */

Below these two modifications include the dynamic_macro.h header:

#include "dynamic_macro.h"`

Then define the _DYN layer with the following keys: DYN_REC_START1, DYN_MACRO_PLAY1,DYN_REC_START2 and DYN_MACRO_PLAY2. It may also contain other keys, it doesn't matter apart from the fact that you won't be able to record these keys in the dynamic macros.

[_DYN]= {
    {_______,  DYN_REC_START1, DYN_MACRO_PLAY1, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______},
    {_______,  DYN_REC_START2, DYN_MACRO_PLAY2, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______},
    {_______,  _______,        _______,         _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______},
    {_______,  _______,        _______,         _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______}
},

Add the following code to the very beginning of your process_record_user() function:

if (!process_record_dynamic_macro(keycode, record)) {
    return false;
}

To start recording the macro, press either DYN_REC_START1 or DYN_REC_START2. To finish the recording, press the _DYN layer button. The handler awaits specifically for the MO(_DYN) keycode as the "stop signal" so please don't use any fancy ways to access this layer, use the regular MO() modifier. To replay the macro, press either DYN_MACRO_PLAY1 or DYN_MACRO_PLAY2.

If the LED-s start blinking during the recording with each keypress, it means there is no more space for the macro in the macro buffer. To fit the macro in, either make the other macro shorter (they share the same buffer) or increase the buffer size by setting the DYNAMIC_MACRO_SIZE preprocessor macro (default value: 128; please read the comments for it in the header).

For the details about the internals of the dynamic macros, please read the comments in the dynamic_macro.h header.

Additional keycode aliases for software-implemented layouts (Colemak, Dvorak, etc)

Everything is assuming you're in Qwerty (in software) by default, but there is built-in support for using a Colemak or Dvorak layout by including this at the top of your keymap:

#include <keymap_colemak.h>

If you use Dvorak, use keymap_dvorak.h instead of keymap_colemak.h for this line. After including this line, you will get access to:

CM_* for all of the Colemak-equivalent characters
DV_* for all of the Dvorak-equivalent characters

These implementations assume you're using Colemak or Dvorak on your OS, not on your keyboard - this is referred to as a software-implemented layout. If your computer is in Qwerty and your keymap is in Colemak or Dvorak, this is referred to as a firmware-implemented layout, and you won't need these features.

To give an example, if you're using software-implemented Colemak, and want to get an F, you would use CM_F - KC_F under these same circumstances would result in T.

Additional language support

In quantum/keymap_extras/, you'll see various language files - these work the same way as the alternative layout ones do. Most are defined by their two letter country/language code followed by an underscore and a 4-letter abbreviation of its name. FR_UGRV which will result in a ù when using a software-implemented AZERTY layout. It's currently difficult to send such characters in just the firmware (but it's being worked on - see Unicode support).

Unicode support

There are three Unicode keymap definition method available in QMK:

UNICODE_ENABLE

Supports Unicode input up to 0xFFFF. The keycode function is UC(n) in keymap file, where n is a 4 digit hexadecimal.

UNICODEMAP_ENABLE

Supports Unicode up to 0xFFFFFFFF. You need to maintain a separate mapping table const uint32_t PROGMEM unicode_map[] = {...} in your keymap file. The keycode function is X(n) where n is the array index of the mapping table.

UCIS_ENABLE

TBD

Unicode input in QMK works by inputing a sequence of characters to the OS, sort of like macro. Unfortunately, each OS has different ideas on how Unicode is inputted.

This is the current list of Unicode input method in QMK:

UC_OSX: MacOS Unicode Hex Input support. Works only up to 0xFFFF. Disabled by default. To enable: go to System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Input Sources, and enable Unicode Hex.
UC_LNX: Unicode input method under Linux. Works up to 0xFFFFF. Should work almost anywhere on ibus enabled distros. Without ibus, this works under GTK apps, but rarely anywhere else.
UC_WIN: (not recommended) Windows built-in Unicode input. To enable: create registry key under HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Input Method\EnableHexNumpad of type REG_SZ called EnableHexNumpad, set its value to 1, and reboot. This method is not recommended because of reliability and compatibility issue, use WinCompose method below instead.
UC_WINC: Windows Unicode input using WinCompose. Requires WinCompose. Works reliably under many (all?) variations of Windows.

Backlight Breathing

In order to enable backlight breathing, the following line must be added to your config.h file.

#define BACKLIGHT_BREATHING

The following function calls are used to control the breathing effect.

breathing_enable() - Enable the free-running breathing effect.
breathing_disable() - Disable the free-running breathing effect immediately.
breathing_self_disable() - Disable the free-running breathing effect after the current effect ends.
breathing_toggle() - Toggle the free-running breathing effect.
breathing_defaults() - Reset the speed and brightness settings of the breathing effect.

The following function calls are used to control the maximum brightness of the breathing effect.

breathing_intensity_set(value) - Set the brightness of the breathing effect when it is at its max value.
breathing_intensity_default() - Reset the brightness of the breathing effect to the default value based on the current backlight intensity.

The following function calls are used to control the cycling speed of the breathing effect.

breathing_speed_set(value) - Set the speed of the breathing effect - how fast it cycles.
breathing_speed_inc(value) - Increase the speed of the breathing effect by a fixed value.
breathing_speed_dec(value) - Decrease the speed of the breathing effect by a fixed value.
breathing_speed_default() - Reset the speed of the breathing effect to the default value.

The following example shows how to enable the backlight breathing effect when the FUNCTION layer macro button is pressed:

case MACRO_FUNCTION:
    if (record->event.pressed)
    {
        breathing_speed_set(3);
        breathing_enable();
        layer_on(LAYER_FUNCTION);
    }
    else
    {
        breathing_speed_set(1);
        breathing_self_disable();
        layer_off(LAYER_FUNCTION);
    }
    break;

The following example shows how to pulse the backlight on-off-on when the RAISED layer macro button is pressed:

case MACRO_RAISED:
  if (record->event.pressed)
  {
    layer_on(LAYER_RAISED);
    breathing_speed_set(2);
    breathing_pulse();
    update_tri_layer(LAYER_LOWER, LAYER_RAISED, LAYER_ADJUST);
  }
  else
  {
    layer_off(LAYER_RAISED);
    update_tri_layer(LAYER_LOWER, LAYER_RAISED, LAYER_ADJUST);
  }
  break;

Other firmware shortcut keycodes

RESET - puts the MCU in DFU mode for flashing new firmware (with make dfu)
DEBUG - the firmware into debug mode - you'll need hid_listen to see things
BL_ON - turns the backlight on
BL_OFF - turns the backlight off
BL_<n> - sets the backlight to level n
BL_INC - increments the backlight level by one
BL_DEC - decrements the backlight level by one
BL_TOGG - toggles the backlight
BL_STEP - steps through the backlight levels

Enable the backlight from the Makefile.

Custom Quantum functions

All of these functions are available in the *_kb() or *_user() variety. kb ones should only be used in the <keyboard>/<keyboard>.c file, and user ones should only be used in the keymap.c. The keyboard ones call the user ones - it's necessary to keep these calls to allow the keymap functions to work correctly.

`void matrix_init_*(void)`

This function gets called when the matrix is initiated, and can contain start-up code for your keyboard/keymap.

`void matrix_scan_*(void)`

This function gets called at every matrix scan, which is basically as often as the MCU can handle. Be careful what you put here, as it will get run a lot.

`bool process_record_(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t record)`

This function gets called on every keypress/release, and is where you can define custom functionality. The return value is whether or not QMK should continue processing the keycode - returning false stops the execution.

The keycode variable is whatever is defined in your keymap, eg MO(1), KC_L, etc. and can be switch-cased to execute code whenever a particular code is pressed.

The record variable contains infomation about the actual press:

keyrecord_t record {
  keyevent_t event {
    keypos_t key {
      uint8_t col
      uint8_t row
    }
    bool     pressed
    uint16_t time
  }
}

The conditional if (record->event.pressed) can tell if the key is being pressed or released, and you can execute code based on that.

`void led_set_*(uint8_t usb_led)`

This gets called whenever there is a state change on your host LEDs (eg caps lock, scroll lock, etc). The LEDs are defined as:

#define USB_LED_NUM_LOCK                0
#define USB_LED_CAPS_LOCK               1
#define USB_LED_SCROLL_LOCK             2
#define USB_LED_COMPOSE                 3
#define USB_LED_KANA                    4

and can be tested against the usb_led with a conditional like if (usb_led & (1<<USB_LED_CAPS_LOCK)) - if this is true, you can turn your LED on, otherwise turn it off.

Modding your keyboard

Audio output from a speaker

Your keyboard can make sounds! If you've got a Planck, Preonic, or basically any keyboard that allows access to the C6 port, you can hook up a simple speaker and make it beep. You can use those beeps to indicate layer transitions, modifiers, special keys, or just to play some funky 8bit tunes.

The audio code lives in quantum/audio/audio.h and in the other files in the audio directory. It's enabled by default on the Planck stock keymap. Here are the important bits:

#include "audio.h"

Then, lower down the file:

float tone_startup[][2] = {
    ED_NOTE(_E7 ),
    E__NOTE(_CS7),
    E__NOTE(_E6 ),
    E__NOTE(_A6 ),
    M__NOTE(_CS7, 20)
};

This is how you write a song. Each of these lines is a note, so we have a little ditty composed of five notes here.

Then, we have this chunk:

float tone_qwerty[][2]     = SONG(QWERTY_SOUND);
float tone_dvorak[][2]     = SONG(DVORAK_SOUND);
float tone_colemak[][2]    = SONG(COLEMAK_SOUND);
float tone_plover[][2]     = SONG(PLOVER_SOUND);
float tone_plover_gb[][2]  = SONG(PLOVER_GOODBYE_SOUND);

float music_scale[][2] = SONG(MUSIC_SCALE_SOUND);
float goodbye[][2] = SONG(GOODBYE_SOUND);

Wherein we bind predefined songs (from quantum/audio/song_list.h) into named variables. This is one optimization that helps save on memory: These songs only take up memory when you reference them in your keymap, because they're essentially all preprocessor directives.

So now you have something called tone_plover for example. How do you make it play the Plover tune, then? If you look further down the keymap, you'll see this:

PLAY_NOTE_ARRAY(tone_plover, false, 0); // Signature is: Song name, repeat, rest style

This is inside one of the macros. So when that macro executes, your keyboard plays that particular chime.

"Rest style" in the method signature above (the last parameter) specifies if there's a rest (a moment of silence) between the notes.

Recording And Playing back Music

Music On - Turn music mode on. The default mapping is Lower+Upper+C
LCTL - start a recording
play some tones
LALT - stop recording, stop playing
LGUI - play recording
LALT - stop playing
Music Off - Turn music mode off. The default mapping is Lower+Upper+V

MIDI functionalty

This is still a WIP, but check out quantum/keymap_midi.c to see what's happening. Enable from the Makefile.

Bluetooth functionality

This requires some hardware changes, but can be enabled via the Makefile. The firmware will still output characters via USB, so be aware of this when charging via a computer. It would make sense to have a switch on the Bluefruit to turn it off at will.

International Characters on Windows

AutoHotkey allows Windows users to create custom hotkeys among others.

The method does not require Unicode support in the keyboard itself but depends instead of AutoHotkey running in the background.

First you need to select a modifier combination that is not in use by any of your programs. CtrlAltWin is not used very widely and should therefore be perfect for this. There is a macro defined for a mod-tab combo LCAG_T. Add this mod-tab combo to a key on your keyboard, e.g.: LCAG_T(KC_TAB). This makes the key behave like a tab key if pressed and released immediately but changes it to the modifier if used with another key.

In the default script of AutoHotkey you can define custom hotkeys.

<^<!<#a::Send, ä
<^<!<#<+a::Send, Ä

The hotkeys above are for the combination CtrlAltGui and CtrlAltGuiShift plus the letter a. AutoHotkey inserts the Text right of Send, when this combination is pressed.

RGB Under Glow Mod

Here is a quick demo on Youtube (with NPKC KC60) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKrpPAHlisY).

For this mod, you need an unused pin wiring to DI of WS2812 strip. After wiring the VCC, GND, and DI, you can enable the underglow in your Makefile.

RGBLIGHT_ENABLE = yes

In order to use the underglow animation functions, you need to have #define RGBLIGHT_ANIMATIONS in your config.h.

Please add the following options into your config.h, and set them up according your hardware configuration. These settings are for the F4 pin by default:

#define RGB_DI_PIN F4     // The pin your RGB strip is wired to
#define RGBLIGHT_ANIMATIONS    // Require for fancier stuff (not compatible with audio)
#define RGBLED_NUM 14     // Number of LEDs
#define RGBLIGHT_HUE_STEP 10
#define RGBLIGHT_SAT_STEP 17
#define RGBLIGHT_VAL_STEP 17

You'll need to edit RGB_DI_PIN to the pin you have your DI on your RGB strip wired to.

The firmware supports 5 different light effects, and the color (hue, saturation, brightness) can be customized in most effects. To control the underglow, you need to modify your keymap file to assign those functions to some keys/key combinations. For details, please check this keymap. keyboards/planck/keymaps/yang/keymap.c

WS2812 Wiring

Please note the USB port can only supply a limited amount of power to the keyboard (500mA by standard, however, modern computer and most usb hubs can provide 700+mA.). According to the data of NeoPixel from Adafruit, 30 WS2812 LEDs require a 5V 1A power supply, LEDs used in this mod should not more than 20.

PS/2 Mouse Support

Its possible to hook up a PS/2 mouse (for example touchpads or trackpoints) to your keyboard as a composite device.

There are three available modes for hooking up PS/2 devices: USART (best), interrupts (better) or busywait (not recommended).

Busywait version

Note: This is not recommended, you may encounter jerky movement or unsent inputs. Please use interrupt or USART version if possible.

In rules.mk:

PS2_MOUSE_ENABLE = yes
PS2_USE_BUSYWAIT = yes

In your keyboard config.h:

#ifdef PS2_USE_BUSYWAIT
#   define PS2_CLOCK_PORT  PORTD
#   define PS2_CLOCK_PIN   PIND
#   define PS2_CLOCK_DDR   DDRD
#   define PS2_CLOCK_BIT   1
#   define PS2_DATA_PORT   PORTD
#   define PS2_DATA_PIN    PIND
#   define PS2_DATA_DDR    DDRD
#   define PS2_DATA_BIT    2
#endif

Interrupt version

The following example uses D2 for clock and D5 for data. You can use any INT or PCINT pin for clock, and any pin for data.

In rules.mk:

PS2_MOUSE_ENABLE = yes
PS2_USE_INT = yes

In your keyboard config.h:

#ifdef PS2_USE_INT
#define PS2_CLOCK_PORT  PORTD
#define PS2_CLOCK_PIN   PIND
#define PS2_CLOCK_DDR   DDRD
#define PS2_CLOCK_BIT   2
#define PS2_DATA_PORT   PORTD
#define PS2_DATA_PIN    PIND
#define PS2_DATA_DDR    DDRD
#define PS2_DATA_BIT    5

#define PS2_INT_INIT()  do {    \
    EICRA |= ((1<<ISC21) |      \
              (0<<ISC20));      \
} while (0)
#define PS2_INT_ON()  do {      \
    EIMSK |= (1<<INT2);         \
} while (0)
#define PS2_INT_OFF() do {      \
    EIMSK &= ~(1<<INT2);        \
} while (0)
#define PS2_INT_VECT   INT2_vect
#endif

USART version

To use USART on the ATMega32u4, you have to use PD5 for clock and PD2 for data. If one of those are unavailable, you need to use interrupt version.

In rules.mk:

PS2_MOUSE_ENABLE = yes
PS2_USE_USART = yes

In your keyboard config.h:

#ifdef PS2_USE_USART
#define PS2_CLOCK_PORT  PORTD
#define PS2_CLOCK_PIN   PIND
#define PS2_CLOCK_DDR   DDRD
#define PS2_CLOCK_BIT   5
#define PS2_DATA_PORT   PORTD
#define PS2_DATA_PIN    PIND
#define PS2_DATA_DDR    DDRD
#define PS2_DATA_BIT    2

/* synchronous, odd parity, 1-bit stop, 8-bit data, sample at falling edge */
/* set DDR of CLOCK as input to be slave */
#define PS2_USART_INIT() do {   \
    PS2_CLOCK_DDR &= ~(1<<PS2_CLOCK_BIT);   \
    PS2_DATA_DDR &= ~(1<<PS2_DATA_BIT);     \
    UCSR1C = ((1 << UMSEL10) |  \
              (3 << UPM10)   |  \
              (0 << USBS1)   |  \
              (3 << UCSZ10)  |  \
              (0 << UCPOL1));   \
    UCSR1A = 0;                 \
    UBRR1H = 0;                 \
    UBRR1L = 0;                 \
} while (0)
#define PS2_USART_RX_INT_ON() do {  \
    UCSR1B = ((1 << RXCIE1) |       \
              (1 << RXEN1));        \
} while (0)
#define PS2_USART_RX_POLL_ON() do { \
    UCSR1B = (1 << RXEN1);          \
} while (0)
#define PS2_USART_OFF() do {    \
    UCSR1C = 0;                 \
    UCSR1B &= ~((1 << RXEN1) |  \
                (1 << TXEN1));  \
} while (0)
#define PS2_USART_RX_READY      (UCSR1A & (1<<RXC1))
#define PS2_USART_RX_DATA       UDR1
#define PS2_USART_ERROR         (UCSR1A & ((1<<FE1) | (1<<DOR1) | (1<<UPE1)))
#define PS2_USART_RX_VECT       USART1_RX_vect
#endif
#endif
#endif

Additional Settings

PS/2 mouse features

These enable settings supported by the PS/2 mouse protocol: http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/

/* Use remote mode instead of the default stream mode (see link) */
#define PS2_MOUSE_USE_REMOTE_MODE  

/* Enable the scrollwheel or scroll gesture on your mouse or touchpad */
#define PS2_MOUSE_ENABLE_SCROLLING

/* Some mice will need a scroll mask to be configured. The default is 0xFF. */
#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_MASK 0x0F

/* Applies a transformation to the movement before sending to the host (see link) */
#define PS2_MOUSE_USE_2_1_SCALING

/* The time to wait after initializing the ps2 host */
#define PS2_MOUSE_INIT_DELAY 1000 /* Default */

You can also call the following functions from ps2_mouse.h

void ps2_mouse_disable_data_reporting(void);

void ps2_mouse_enable_data_reporting(void);

void ps2_mouse_set_remote_mode(void);

void ps2_mouse_set_stream_mode(void);

void ps2_mouse_set_scaling_2_1(void);

void ps2_mouse_set_scaling_1_1(void);

void ps2_mouse_set_resolution(ps2_mouse_resolution_t resolution);

void ps2_mouse_set_sample_rate(ps2_mouse_sample_rate_t sample_rate);

Fine control

Use the following defines to change the sensitivity and speed of the mouse. Note: you can also use ps2_mouse_set_resolution for the same effect (not supported on most touchpads).

#define PS2_MOUSE_X_MULTIPLIER 3
#define PS2_MOUSE_Y_MULTIPLIER 3
#define PS2_MOUSE_V_MULTIPLIER 1

Scroll button

If you're using a trackpoint, you will likely want to be able to use it for scrolling. Its possible to enable a "scroll button/s" that when pressed will cause the mouse to scroll instead of moving. To enable the feature, you must set a scroll button mask as follows:

#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_BTN_MASK (1<<PS2_MOUSE_BUTTON_MIDDLE) /* Default */

To disable the scroll button feature:

#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_BTN_MASK 0

The available buttons are:

#define PS2_MOUSE_BTN_LEFT      0
#define PS2_MOUSE_BTN_RIGHT     1
#define PS2_MOUSE_BTN_MIDDLE    2

You can also combine buttons in the mask by |ing them together.

Once you've configured your scroll button mask, you must configure the scroll button send interval. This is the interval before which if the scroll buttons were released they would be sent to the host. After this interval, they will cause the mouse to scroll and will not be sent.

#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_BTN_SEND 300 /* Default */

To disable sending the scroll buttons:

#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_BTN_SEND 0

Fine control over the scrolling is supported with the following defines:

#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_DIVISOR_H 2
#define PS2_MOUSE_SCROLL_DIVISOR_V 2

Debug settings

To debug the mouse, add debug_mouse = true or enable via bootmagic.

/* To debug the mouse reports */
#define PS2_MOUSE_DEBUG_HID
#define PS2_MOUSE_DEBUG_RAW

Safety Considerations

You probably don't want to "brick" your keyboard, making it impossible to rewrite firmware onto it. Here are some of the parameters to show what things are (and likely aren't) too risky.

If your keyboard map does not include RESET, then, to get into DFU mode, you will need to press the reset button on the PCB, which requires unscrewing the bottom.
Messing with tmk_core / common files might make the keyboard inoperable
Too large a .hex file is trouble; make dfu will erase the block, test the size (oops, wrong order!), which errors out, failing to flash the keyboard, leaving it in DFU mode.
- To this end, note that the maximum .hex file size on Planck is 7000h (28672 decimal)

Linking: .build/planck_rev4_cbbrowne.elf                                                            [OK]
Creating load file for Flash: .build/planck_rev4_cbbrowne.hex                                       [OK]

Size after:
   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
      0   22396       0   22396    577c planck_rev4_cbbrowne.hex

The above file is of size 22396/577ch, which is less than 28672/7000h
As long as you have a suitable alternative .hex file around, you can retry, loading that one
Some of the options you might specify in your keyboard's Makefile consume extra memory; watch out for BOOTMAGIC_ENABLE, MOUSEKEY_ENABLE, EXTRAKEY_ENABLE, CONSOLE_ENABLE, API_SYSEX_ENABLE
DFU tools do /not/ allow you to write into the bootloader (unless you throw in extra fruitsalad of options), so there is little risk there.
EEPROM has around a 100000 write cycle. You shouldn't rewrite the firmware repeatedly and continually; that'll burn the EEPROM eventually.

Porting your keyboard to QMK

If your keyboard is running an Atmega chip (atmega32u4 and others), it's pretty easy to get things setup for compiling your own firmware to flash onto your board. There is a /util/new_project.sh <keyboard> script to help get you started - you can simply pass your keyboard's name into the script, and all of the necessary files will be created. The components of each are described below.

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/config.h`

The USB Device descriptor parameter block contains parameters are used to uniquely identify your keyboard, but they don't really matter to the machine.

Your MATRIX_ROWS and MATRIX_COLS are the numbers of rows and cols in your keyboard matrix - this may be different than the number of actual rows and columns on your keyboard. There are some tricks you can pull to increase the number of keys in a given matrix, but most keyboards are pretty straight-forward.

The MATRIX_ROW_PINS and MATRIX_COL_PINS are the pins your MCU uses on each row/column. Your schematic (if you have one) will have this information on it, and the values will vary depending on your setup. This is one of the most important things to double-check in getting your keyboard setup correctly.

For the DIODE_DIRECTION, most hand-wiring guides will instruct you to wire the diodes in the COL2ROW position, but it's possible that they are in the other - people coming from EasyAVR often use ROW2COL. Nothing will function if this is incorrect.

BACKLIGHT_PIN is the pin that your PWM-controlled backlight (if one exists) is hooked-up to. Currently only B5, B6, and B7 are supported.

BACKLIGHT_BREATHING is a fancier backlight feature that adds breathing/pulsing/fading effects to the backlight. It uses the same timer as the normal backlight. These breathing effects must be called by code in your keymap.

BACKLIGHT_LEVELS is how many levels exist for your backlight - max is 15, and they are computed automatically from this number.

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/Makefile`

The values at the top likely won't need to be changed, since most boards use the atmega32u4 chip. The BOOTLOADER_SIZE will need to be adjusted based on your MCU type. It's defaulted to the Teensy, since that's the most common controller. Below is quoted from the Makefile.

# Boot Section Size in *bytes*
#   Teensy halfKay   512
#   Teensy++ halfKay 1024
#   Atmel DFU loader 4096
#   LUFA bootloader  4096
#   USBaspLoader     2048
OPT_DEFS += -DBOOTLOADER_SIZE=512

At the bottom of the file, you'll find lots of features to turn on and off - all of these options should be set with ?= to allow for the keymap overrides. ?= only assigns if the variable was previously undefined. For the full documenation of these features, see the Makefile options.

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/readme.md`

This is where you'll describe your keyboard - please write as much as you can about it! Talking about default functionality/features is useful here. Feel free to link to external pages/sites if necessary. Images can be included here as well. This file will be rendered into a webpage at qmk.fm/keyboards//.

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.c`

This is where all of the custom logic for your keyboard goes - you may not need to put anything in this file, since a lot of things are configured automatically. All of the *_kb() functions are defined here. If you modify them, remember to keep the calls to *_user(), or things in the keymaps might not work. You can read more about the functions here

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.h`

Here is where you can (optionally) define your KEYMAP function to remap your matrix into a more readable format. With ortholinear boards, this isn't always necessary, but it can help to accomodate the dead spots on your matrix, where there are keys that take up more than one space (2u, staggering, 6.25u, etc). The example shows the difference between the physical keys, and the matrix design:

#define KEYMAP( \
    k00, k01, k02, \
      k10,  k11   \
) \
{ \
    { k00, k01,   k02 }, \
    { k10, KC_NO, k11 }, \
}

Each of the kxx variables needs to be unique, and usually follows the format k<row><col>. You can place KC_NO where your dead keys are in your matrix.

Unit Testing

If you are new to unit testing, then you can find many good resources on internet. However most of it is scattered around in small pieces here and there, and there's also many different opinions, so I won't give any recommendations.

Instead I recommend these two books, explaining two different styles of Unit Testing in detail.

"Test Driven Development: By Example: Kent Beck"
"Growing Object-Oriented Software, Guided By Tests: Steve Freeman, Nat Pryce"

If you prefer videos there are Uncle Bob's Clean Coders Videos, which unfortunately cost quite a bit, especially if you want to watch many of them. But James Shore has a free Let's Play video series.

Google Test and Google Mock

It's possible to Unit Test your code using Google Test. The Google Test framework also includes another component for writing testing mocks and stubs, called "Google Mock". For information how to write the actual tests, please refer to the documentation on that site.

Use of C++

Note that Google Test and therefore any test has to be written in C++, even if the rest of the QMK codebases is written in C. This should hopefully not be a problem even if you don't know any C++, since there's quite clear documentation and examples of the required C++ features, and you can write the rest of the test code almost as you would write normal C. Note that some compiler errors which you might get can look quite scary, but just read carefully what it says, and you should be ok.

One thing to remember, is that you have to append extern "C" around all of your C file includes.

Adding tests for new or existing features

If you want to unit test some feature, then take a look at the existing serial_link tests, in the quantum/serial_link/tests folder, and follow the steps below to create a similar structure.

If it doesn't already exist, add a test subfolder to the folder containing the feature.
Create a testlist.mk and a rules.mk file in that folder.
Include those files from the root folder testlist.mkand build_test.mk respectively.
Add a new name for your testgroup to the testlist.mk file. Each group defined there will be a separate executable. And that's how you can support mocking out different parts. Note that it's worth adding some common prefix, just like it's done for the serial_link tests. The reason for that is that the make command allows substring filtering, so this way you can easily run a subset of the tests.
Define the source files and required options in the rules.mk file.
- _SRC for source files
- _DEFS for additional defines
- _INC for additional include folders
Write the tests in a new cpp file inside the test folder you created. That file has to be one of the files included from the rules.mk file.

Note how there's several different tests, each mocking out a separate part. Also note that each of them only compiles the very minimum that's needed for the tests. It's recommend that you try to do the same. For a relevant video check out Matt Hargett "Advanced Unit Testing in C & C++

Running the tests

To run all the tests in the codebase, type make test. You can also run test matching a substring by typing make test-matchingsubstring Note that the tests are always compiled with the native compiler of your platform, so they are also run like any other program on your computer.

Debugging the tests

If there are problems with the tests, you can find the executable in the ./build/test folder. You should be able to run those with GDB or a similar debugger.

Full Integration tests

It's not yet possible to do a full integration test, where you would compile the whole firmware and define a keymap that you are going to test. However there are plans for doing that, because writing tests that way would probably be easier, at least for people that are not used to unit testing.

In that model you would emulate the input, and expect a certain output from the emulated keyboard.

Tracing variables

Sometimes you might wonder why a variable gets changed and where, and this can be quite tricky to track down without having a debugger. It's of course possible to manually add print statements to track it, but you can also enable the variable trace feature. This works for both for variables that are changed by the code, and when the variable is changed by some memory corruption.

To take the feature into use add VARIABLE_TRACE=x to the end of you make command. x represents the number of variables you want to trace, which is usually 1.

Then at a suitable place in the code, call ADD_TRACED_VARIABLE, to begin the tracing. For example to trace all the layer changes, you can do this

void matrix_init_user(void) {
  ADD_TRACED_VARIABLE("layer", &layer_state, sizeof(layer_state));
}

This will add a traced variable named "layer" (the name is just for your information), which tracks the memory location of layer_state. It tracks 4 bytes (the size of layer_state), so any modification to the variable will be reported. By default you can not specify a size bigger than 4, but you can change it by adding MAX_VARIABLE_TRACE_SIZE=x to the end of the make command line.

In order to actually detect changes to the variables you should call VERIFY_TRACED_VARIABLES around the code that you think that modifies the variable. If a variable is modified it will tell you between which two VERIFY_TRACED_VARIABLES calls the modification happened. You can then add more calls to track it down further. I don't recommend spamming the codebase with calls. It's better to start with a few, and then keep adding them in a binary search fashion. You can also delete the ones you don't need, as each call need to store the file name and line number in the ROM, so you can run out of memory if you add too many calls.

Also remember to delete all the tracing code once you have found the bug, as you wouldn't want to create a pull request with tracing code.

64 KiB Raw Blame History

Getting started

Build Environment Setup

Customizing your keymap

The make command

Simple instructions for building and uploading a keyboard

More detailed make instruction

The Makefile

Makefile options

Customizing Makefile options on a per-keymap basis

The config.h file

Going beyond the keycodes

Quick aliases to common actions

Space Cadet Shift: The future, built in

The Leader key: A new kind of modifier

Tap Dance: A single key can do 3, 5, or 100 different things

Examples

Temporarily setting the default layer

Prevent stuck modifiers

Macro shortcuts: Send a whole string when pressing just one key

Advanced macro functions

Naming your macros

Timer functionality

Example: Single-key copy/paste (hold to copy, tap to paste)

Dynamic macros: record and replay macros in runtime

Additional keycode aliases for software-implemented layouts (Colemak, Dvorak, etc)

Additional language support

Unicode support

UNICODE_ENABLE

UNICODEMAP_ENABLE

UCIS_ENABLE

Backlight Breathing

Other firmware shortcut keycodes

Custom Quantum functions

void matrix_init_*(void)

void matrix_scan_*(void)

bool process_record_*(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record)

void led_set_*(uint8_t usb_led)

Modding your keyboard

Audio output from a speaker

Recording And Playing back Music

MIDI functionalty

Bluetooth functionality

International Characters on Windows

RGB Under Glow Mod

WS2812 Wiring

PS/2 Mouse Support

Busywait version

Interrupt version

USART version

Additional Settings

PS/2 mouse features

Fine control

Scroll button

Debug settings

Safety Considerations

Porting your keyboard to QMK

/keyboards/<keyboard>/config.h

/keyboards/<keyboard>/Makefile

/keyboards/<keyboard>/readme.md

/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.c

/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.h

Unit Testing

Google Test and Google Mock

Use of C++

Adding tests for new or existing features

Running the tests

Debugging the tests

Full Integration tests

Tracing variables

64 KiB

Raw Blame History

The `make` command

The `Makefile`

The `config.h` file

`void matrix_init_*(void)`

`void matrix_scan_*(void)`

`bool process_record_(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t record)`

`void led_set_*(uint8_t usb_led)`

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/config.h`

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/Makefile`

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/readme.md`

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.c`

`/keyboards/<keyboard>/<keyboard>.h`