Jeff Moe
5 years ago
parent
25b6c043cc
commit
e3937f7800
@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
|
|||||||
|
#Summary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [PCBA](#section-id-1)
|
||||||
|
- [Prototype PCBA Manufacturing](#section-id-5)
|
||||||
|
- [Software](#section-id-12)
|
||||||
|
- [Debian](#section-id-16)
|
||||||
|
- [Other Software](#section-id-50)
|
||||||
|
- [Electronic Design Automation (EDA)](#section-id-69)
|
||||||
|
- [PCB Manufacturing](#section-id-73)
|
||||||
|
- [Board Types and Features](#section-id-85)
|
||||||
|
- [Copper Layer](#section-id-88)
|
||||||
|
- [Soldermask](#section-id-91)
|
||||||
|
- [Silkscreen](#section-id-94)
|
||||||
|
- [Standards & QC](#section-id-97)
|
||||||
|
- [PCB Assembly](#section-id-104)
|
||||||
|
- [Placement](#section-id-115)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder Paste](#section-id-130)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder Wire](#section-id-139)
|
||||||
|
- [Flux](#section-id-146)
|
||||||
|
- [Flux Remover](#section-id-151)
|
||||||
|
- [Low Melt Alloy](#section-id-158)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder Wick](#section-id-163)
|
||||||
|
- [Heat](#section-id-168)
|
||||||
|
- [PCBA Processes](#section-id-181)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder through hole components with soldering iron](#section-id-184)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder SMT components with soldering iron](#section-id-187)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder SMT components with hot air](#section-id-190)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder SMT components with oven](#section-id-193)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder SMT components with skillet](#section-id-196)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder BGA components](#section-id-199)
|
||||||
|
- [Rework through hole components](#section-id-202)
|
||||||
|
- [Rework SMT components](#section-id-210)
|
||||||
|
- [Rework BGA components](#section-id-218)
|
||||||
|
- [Create solder paste stencil](#section-id-221)
|
||||||
|
- [Apply solder paste with solder paste mask](#section-id-229)
|
||||||
|
- [Apply solder paste with syringe](#section-id-232)
|
||||||
|
- [Apply solder paste with electronic syringe](#section-id-235)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder Pot](#section-id-238)
|
||||||
|
- [PCBA Testing](#section-id-244)
|
||||||
|
- [Equipment](#section-id-247)
|
||||||
|
- [LASER](#section-id-252)
|
||||||
|
- [CNC](#section-id-263)
|
||||||
|
- [3D Printer](#section-id-273)
|
||||||
|
- [Solder Station](#section-id-283)
|
||||||
|
- [Pick and Place](#section-id-310)
|
||||||
|
- [Production Boards](#section-id-320)
|
||||||
|
- [Copying / License](#section-id-329)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-1'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# PCBA
|
||||||
|
PCB Assembly. Soldering. SMT. Thru hole. Stencils. Paste. Equipment. Tools. HOWTOs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-5'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Prototype PCBA Manufacturing
|
||||||
|
This documents free software and open source hardware manufacturing
|
||||||
|
of PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assemblies).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Focus is particularly on tools that can be used with hackerspace-
|
||||||
|
level technology.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-12'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Software
|
||||||
|
Various Free Software (as defined by FSF) applications available
|
||||||
|
for the creation of PCBAs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-16'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Debian
|
||||||
|
The below packages are in Debian Buster. Note, even though it is in
|
||||||
|
Debian, you may want to build some of these packages from scratch
|
||||||
|
since the version in Debian is old. Debian `backports` maintains
|
||||||
|
an up to date KiCAD.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The following Debian packages are in use in the current production toolchain:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `freecad` --- Visualization of PCBAs and more. 3D CAD application.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `inkscape` --- vector-based drawing program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `kicad` --- Electronic schematic and PCB design software.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The following Debian packages are NOT in use:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `electronics-pcb` --- Debian packages for PCB development (meta package).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `fritzing` --- Easy-to-use electronic design software.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `geda` --- GPL EDA -- Electronics design software.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `gerbv` --- Gerber file viewer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `lepton-eda` --- Lepton Electronic Design Automation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `pcb` --- printed circuit board (pcb) design program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `pcb2gcode` --- command-line tool for engraving PCBs using CNCs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `pcb-rnd` - Modular Printed Circuit Board layout tool.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `visolate` - tool for engraving PCBs using CNCs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-50'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Other Software
|
||||||
|
Other PCBA software available under Free Software licenses.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* J-Tech Photonics LASER Inkscape Plugin.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `raster2gcode` --- Inkscape Plugin.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Not Used:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `InteractiveHtmlBom` --- Interactive HTML BOM generation plugin for KiCad
|
||||||
|
https://github.com/openscopeproject/InteractiveHtmlBom
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* `OpenPNP` --- Pick and Place software.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [`flatcam`](http://flatcam.org/) --- Free and Open-source PCB CAM.
|
||||||
|
FlatCAM lets you take your designs to a CNC router. You can open Gerber, Excellon or G-code, edit it or create from scatch, and output G-Code. Isolation routing is one of many tasks that FlatCAM is perfect for.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-69'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
|
||||||
|
To design PCBs, KiCAD is used.
|
||||||
|
Export Gerber files for manufacturing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-73'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# PCB Manufacturing
|
||||||
|
You can make your own PCB or have them made by numerous suppliers.
|
||||||
|
Recommended suppliers (amongst many):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* OSHPark --- Strong FLO supporters, high quality, quick turn, USA.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* DirtyPCBs --- Lowest possible cost out of Shenzhen, China.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ProtoExpress -- Quick turn, high quality, high cost, USA.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Many others that also support KiCAD!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-85'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Board Types and Features
|
||||||
|
FR1, FR4, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-88'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Copper Layer
|
||||||
|
Cu later.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-91'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Soldermask
|
||||||
|
Green...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-94'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Silkscreen
|
||||||
|
White...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-97'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Standards & QC
|
||||||
|
Standards:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* RoHS (no lead).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* cf. NASA Standards.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-104'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# PCB Assembly
|
||||||
|
You can have a board assembled by a house such as ProtoExpress,
|
||||||
|
or you can assemble it yourself. There is an endless variety of
|
||||||
|
DIY approaches to this. This you have the PCB finished. You need to:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Source components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Place components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Solder Components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-115'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Placement
|
||||||
|
The many ways to place a part...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Fingers.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Tweezers.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Vacuum.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Pick and Place.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
What method is used depends on the type and size of the part
|
||||||
|
and what equipment is available. We'll be working with SMT,
|
||||||
|
BGA, and through hole parts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-130'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder Paste
|
||||||
|
To solder SMT parts to PCB.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In use:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* CHIPQUIK SMD291SNL50T3, 50g jar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Zeph ZeroLead, 96.5Sn / 3Ag /.5Cu, 10cc syringe.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-139'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder Wire
|
||||||
|
In use:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Kester K1000D, no clean, no lead, 0.8mm.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Kester Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5, no clean, no lead, 0.8mm.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-146'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Flux
|
||||||
|
In use:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Zephlux No Clean Flux, 14 gr. jar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-151'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Flux Remover
|
||||||
|
But you just put flux on...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In use:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Zeph Flux Remover.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-158'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Low Melt Alloy
|
||||||
|
To desolder, perchance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Zeph ZERO No Lead Low Melt.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-163'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder Wick
|
||||||
|
Solder wick, aka desoldering wire.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In use: variety sizes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-168'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Heat
|
||||||
|
You need to melt that solder...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Solder Iron.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Skillet.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Oven.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Hot air pencil.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Hot air bath.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-181'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# PCBA Processes
|
||||||
|
Working with PCBs and components:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-184'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder through hole components with soldering iron
|
||||||
|
HOWTO solder through hole components to a PCB with soldering.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-187'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder SMT components with soldering iron
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Solder SMT components with soldering iron.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-190'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder SMT components with hot air
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Solder SMT components with hot air.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-193'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder SMT components with oven
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Solder SMT components with oven.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-196'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder SMT components with skillet
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Solder SMT components with skillet.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-199'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder BGA components
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Solder BGA components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-202'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Rework through hole components
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Rework through hole components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Current Practice:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [Through Hole Component Removal HOWTO]
|
||||||
|
(HOWTO/through-hole-component-removal-HOWTO.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-210'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Rework SMT components
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Rework SMT components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Current Practice:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [SMT Component Removal HOWTO]
|
||||||
|
(HOWTO/smt-component-removal-HOWTO.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-218'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Rework BGA components
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Rework BGA components.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-221'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Create solder paste stencil
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Create solder paste stencil.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Current Practice:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [HOWTO create a solder paste stencil with Inkscape]
|
||||||
|
(HOWTO/laser-solder-paste-stencil-inkscape.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-229'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Apply solder paste with solder paste mask
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Apply solder paste with solder paste mask.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-232'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Apply solder paste with syringe
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Apply solder paste with syringe.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-235'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Apply solder paste with electronic syringe
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Apply solder paste with electronic syringe.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-238'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder Pot
|
||||||
|
HOWTO Use a solder pot.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [Solder Pot HOWTO]
|
||||||
|
(HOWTO/solder-pot-HOWTO.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-244'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# PCBA Testing
|
||||||
|
Pins.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-247'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Equipment
|
||||||
|
The equipment considered is what is generally available to
|
||||||
|
hackerspaces. This leaves out industrial gear like large
|
||||||
|
wave solder machines.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-252'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## LASER
|
||||||
|
LASERS can serve a few purposes in manufacturing PCBAs.
|
||||||
|
Inexpensive LASER cutters are available at many hackerspaces.
|
||||||
|
Inexpensive LASERs can be retrofit to RepRap 3D printers.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Cut solder paste stencils.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Etch paint, which is then chemically etched.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Board marking, such as serialization.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-263'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## CNC
|
||||||
|
Large CNCs are overkill for PCBA assembly.
|
||||||
|
Very small CNCs can be used.
|
||||||
|
CNCs are available at many hackerspaces.
|
||||||
|
CNCs can be used to:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Engrave PCB.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Drill PCB holes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-273'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 3D Printer
|
||||||
|
RepRap 3D printers are available at many hackerspaces.
|
||||||
|
3D printers can be used to:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Make CNC fixtures.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Make board holding fixtures.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Make other tools, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-283'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Solder Station
|
||||||
|
Solder station tools:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Soldering iron.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Hot air pencil.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Hot air bath.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Fume extrator.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* PCB holder.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Lights.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Magnification.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Solder paste dispenser.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Vacuum pencil.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Oven.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Heat plate.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Solder pot.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-310'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Pick and Place
|
||||||
|
A variety of free software compatible and open source hardware
|
||||||
|
pick and place machines are available.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* OpenPNP designs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* LitePlacer. Note, works with Free Software OpenPNP, but is
|
||||||
|
non-commercial design licensed hardware. Manufacturer supplies
|
||||||
|
proprietary application.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-320'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Production Boards
|
||||||
|
Boards manufactured or slated to be manufactured.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Trellisboard --- Ultimate ECP5 board.
|
||||||
|
https://code.forksand.com/forksand/fs-TrellisBoard
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ULX3X --- ECP5 board.
|
||||||
|
https://code.forksand.com/forksand/fs-ulx3s
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div id='section-id-329'/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Copying / License
|
||||||
|
This document is available here:
|
||||||
|
https://code.forksand.com/forksand/pcba/src/branch/master/README.md
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
License: CC By SA 4.0 International and/or GPLv3+ at your discretion.
|
||||||
|
Other code licensed under their own respective licenses.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Copyright © 2019, Fork Sand, Inc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in new issue